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{{Infobox person
| name = Edward Harkness
| image = Edward S Harkness Met.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Harkness circa 1912
| birth_name = Edward Stephen Harkness
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|1|22}}
| birth_place = [[Cleveland, Ohio]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|1|29|1874|1|22}}
| death_place =
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| resting_place = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| education = [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]]<br/>[[Yale College]]<br/>[[Columbia Law School]]
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| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
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| spouse = [[Mary Stillman Harkness|Mary Stillman]]
| children =
| parents = [[Stephen V. Harkness]]<br/> [[Anna Harkness|Anna M. Richardson (Harkness)]]
| relatives = [[Charles W. Harkness]], brother<br/>Florence, sister <br/>[[Lamon V. Harkness]] half brother
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'''Edward Stephen Harkness''' (January 22, 1874 – January 29, 1940) was an American [[philanthropist]]. Given privately and through his family's [[Commonwealth Fund]], Harkness' gifts to private hospitals, art museums, and educational institutions in the Northeastern United States were among the largest of the early twentieth century.<ref>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, pp. 1238, [[Columbia University Press]], 2000</ref><ref>Philanthropists and Foundation Globalization, By Joseph C. Kiger (2008), pp 39</ref> He was a major benefactor to [[Columbia University]], [[Yale University]], [[Harvard University]], [[Phillips Exeter Academy]], [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]], the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], and the [[University of St Andrews]] in Scotland. He was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Edward+S.+Harkness&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
Harkness inherited his fortune from his father, [[Stephen V. Harkness]], whose wealth was established by an early investment in [[Standard Oil]], and his brother, [[Charles W. Harkness]].<ref name="NYT1916">{{cite news |title=C. W. Harkness Left $1,700,000 Estate |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 9, 1916 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/09/104674549.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> In 1918, he was ranked the 6th-richest person in the United States by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine's first "Rich List",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |title=From Rockefeller to Ford, See Forbes' 1918 Ranking Of The Richest People In America |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2017/09/19/the-first-forbes-list-see-who-the-richest-americans-were-in-1918/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> behind [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Henry Clay Frick]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[George Fisher Baker]], and [[William Rockefeller]].
==Biography==
Edward ("Ned") Harkness was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], one of four sons of [[Anna M. Harkness]] and [[Stephen V. Harkness]], a harness-maker who invested in and was one of the five founding partners in the forerunner of [[Standard Oil]], [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s oil company. Stephen Harkness died when Edward was fourteen, leaving his wife and oldest son, Charles, to manage the estate.<ref name="Towler"/> Harkness attended [[St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]] and [[Yale College]], Class of 1897 and [[Columbia Law School]]. Harkness, his brother [[Charles W. Harkness|Charles]], and cousin [[William L. Harkness|William]] were members of [[Wolf's Head (secret society)|Wolf's Head Society]] at Yale.<ref>Phelps Association Membership Directory, 2006</ref> While at Yale, Ned enlisted the assistance of [[Henry Sloane Coffin]] as a tutor. Ned and Henry became friends and they roomed together at Yale. Henry later became the pastor of [[Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church]] just blocks away from Ned and Mary's home at 1 East 75th Street in New York. Also, Henry's brother [[William Sloane Coffin Sr.]] was the president of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] from 1931–1933. Ned had already been heavily involved with the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] as a trustee and major donor.
[[File:Harkness House, 1908.jpg|thumbnail|Harkness House in New York, now home of The Commonwealth Fund]]
After graduating, Edward Harkness married Mary Stillman, daughter of wealthy New York attorney Thomas E. Stillman, in 1904. Mary's maternal grandfather was Thomas S. Greenman, a shipbuilder in [[Mystic, Connecticut]], who co-founded George Greenman & Co shipyard. (This is now part of the Mystic Seaport Museum). Harkness' mother gave the couple a [[Edward S. Harkness House|new Italian Renaissance mansion]] on New York City's Upper East Side as a wedding present. As the building's architect, Harkness chose Yale College classmate [[James Gamble Rogers]], who would later design many of his philanthropic building projects. The home, at 75th Street and 5th Avenue and now known as the Edward S. Harkness House, became the headquarters of Harkness' [[Commonwealth Fund]] after Mary's death.
Harkness briefly served as a railroad director for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], but within several years decided to become a full-time philanthropist.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Education: Old Blue |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=February 19, 1940 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763536,00.html |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> He began making gifts to the Egyptian collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1912, and that same year was appointed to the museum's board of trustees.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perry |first=Lewis |title=Edward and Mary Harkness |journal=Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=October 1951 |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=57–59 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257488.pdf.bannered.pdf |access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref>
Harkness' older brother Charles died in 1916 at age 55, leaving Edward more than US$80 million, ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|80000000|1916}}}} in {{inflation-year|US}}, much of it in Standard Oil stock.<ref name="NYT1916" /> Charles had continued to invest substantially in [[Standard Oil]] as manager of the family fortune, and his brother's estate made Harkness the third-largest stakeholder in Standard Oil.<ref name="NYT1916" /><ref name="Towler"/>
==Philanthropy==
Harkness made charitable gifts totaling more than $129 million, the equivalent of ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|129000000|1922}}}} in {{inflation-year|US}}. His philanthropic peers [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[Andrew Carnegie]] gave respectively $550 million and $350 million.<ref name="Towler">{{cite magazine |last=Towler |first=Katherine |title=The Men Behind the Plan |magazine=Exeter Bulletin |date=Fall 2006 |pages=25–33 |url=http://collegiateway.org/pdf/towler-2006.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref>
===Medical philanthropy===
[[File:NYP Eye Center.jpg|thumb|Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia]]
Harkness encouraged and orchestrated the merger of [[Presbyterian Hospital (New York City)|Presbyterian Hospital]] and Columbia University's [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeon]]s, creating Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), the world's first [[academic medical center]].
CPMC was built in the 1920s on the site of [[Hilltop Park]], the one-time home stadium of the [[New York Yankees]], which Harkness purchased and donated. Despite his aversion to have anything named for himself, The Edward Harkness Eye Institute was named by relatives.
In 1997, Columbia-Presbyterian merged with the [[Weill Cornell Medical Center|New York Hospital]]. New York Hospital had affiliated with [[Cornell University]]'s [[Weill Cornell Medical College]] in the 1930s, following their lead. Now known as [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] / Columbia University Medical Center, the Harkness Pavilion, named for father Stephen, is a central part of the campus.
===Arts philanthropy===
[[File:Tuts Tomb Opened.JPG|thumb|left|450px|King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus]]
Harkness was a major benefactor of the [[New York Public Library]] and the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>[http://libmma.org/digital_files/archives/Preston_Remington_records_b18157099.pdf Finding aid for the Preston Remington records, 1925-1970], Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved July 25, 2014.</ref> Harkness, in addition to donations to the Decorative Arts Department, gifted the Museum's initial [[Ancient Egyptian art]] collection. Harkness bought the complete [[Tomb of Perneb]] for the Met and helped purchase the [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Carnarvon Collection of Egyptian artifacts]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Aleksandr |title=This Weekend in Met History: October 28 |date=October 26, 2012 |website=Now at the Met |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/now-at-the-met/features/2012/this-weekend-in-met-history-october-28 |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> He also donated the Met's unofficial mascot, a [[William the Faience Hippopotamus|blue decorative hippo]] from the Egyptian [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom's Twelfth Dynasty]]. It is known as "William".
Ned was actively involved with the discovery and excavation of King Tutankhamun's tomb. Mr. and Mrs. Harkness and [[Albert Lythgoe]] visited Howard Carter at the site multiple times and in fact, Carter invited Harkness to witness the [http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html opening of King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus on February 12, 1924.]<ref>Howard Carter Journal | http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html</ref>
===Educational philanthropy===
In 1917, a year after Charles' death, Anna Harkness donated $3 million to Yale University to build the [[Harkness Memorial Quadrangle|Memorial Quadrangle]] student dormitory in Charles' memory. In 1918, Anna Harkness established the [[Commonwealth Fund]] with an initial gift of $10 million, and Ned Harkness was made its president.
Ned Harkness and his wife made many contributions to educational buildings, including [[St Salvator's Hall]] at the [[University of St. Andrews]]; Harkness Chapel and Harkness Dormitory at [[Connecticut College]]; [[Butler Library]] at [[Columbia University]] as well as the original portions of the [[Columbia University Medical Center]] and the undergraduate dormitories at [[Brown University]]<ref>The Half Opened Door, Marcia Graham Synnott, 1979), p. 9</ref> and [[Connecticut College]]—all of these were built through his philanthropy or that of his wife, Mary.
[[File:Butler Library - 1000px - AC.jpg|thumb|[[Butler Library]] at [[Columbia University]]]]
Between 1926 and 1930, Harkness made major donations to his alma mater, Yale, and Harvard to establish [[residential college|residential college systems]] at each school. Harkness admired the [[collegiate university|colleges]] of Oxford and Cambridge in England and proposed to [[List of Presidents of Yale University|Yale President]] [[James Rowland Angell]] that he would fund a similar system for Yale's [[Yale College|undergraduate college]] to relieve overcrowding and improve social intimacy.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Judith Ann |title=How the colleges were born |journal=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]] |date=May–June 2008 |url=https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2108/how-the-colleges-were-born|access-date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> When the [[Yale Corporation]] failed to accept Harkness' offer by 1928, he went to Harvard with a similar offer. Harvard's president, [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], quickly accepted, and with a $10 million gift from Harkness in hand, eight houses for [[Harvard College]] were completed by 1931.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Harkness and History |magazine=[[Harvard Magazine]] |date=November 2011 |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/11/harkness-and-history |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> Dismayed, Yale administrators appealed to Harkness to reconsider his offer. In 1930 he agreed to give Yale $11 million for nine [[residential colleges of Yale University|residential colleges]] of its own.<ref name="Schiff"/> Harkness persuaded Yale to retain his friend [[James Gamble Rogers]] as the colleges' architect. He also made gifts that established the [[Yale School of Drama]], the first independent drama faculty in the country, and erected its theater.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelley |first=Brooks Mather |title=Yale: A History |year=1999 |edition=2nd |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |page=384}}</ref>
Around the same time as his Yale-Harvard philanthropy, Harkness sought to reform the pedagogical techniques of the country's elite boarding schools. At [[Phillips Exeter Academy]], he sought to innovate beyond [[rote learning]] by introducing the [[Harkness table]] method of instruction. Through further gifts, the method spread to [[St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)|St. Paul’s]], [[Lawrenceville School|The Lawrenceville School]], and [[Kingswood-Oxford School]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wooster |first=Martin Morse |title=Edward Harkness |website=The Philanthropy Roundtable |url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/edward_harkness |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> Harkness also made gifts to [[Taft School]], [[The Hill School (Pennsylvania)|The Hill School]], and [[Phillips Academy]].<ref>The Exeter Bulletin, Fall 2006, p.28</ref>
He established the [[Harkness Fellowship]]s and founded the [[Pilgrim Trust]] in the UK in 1930 with an endowment of just over two million pounds, "prompted by his admiration for what Great Britain had done in the 1914–18 war and, by his ties of affection for the land from which he drew his descent."<ref>Trust Deed, quoted on [http://www.thepilgrimtrust.org.uk/ the Pilgrim Trust website], accessed December 4, 2006.</ref> The current priorities of the trust are preservation, places of worship, and social welfare.
==Residences==
[[File:HarknessAerial.jpg|thumbnail|Harkness Eolia Mansion in [[Waterford, Connecticut]]]]
Edward and Mary Harkness had a number of homes in addition to Harkness House in New York. They spent summers at their Eolia mansion on Long Island Sound in [[Waterford, Connecticut]], near where Mary had visited her grandparents in the summers. The home and {{convert|230|acre}} of ornamental gardens and grounds are now maintained by the State of Connecticut as [[Harkness Memorial State Park]]. The Harkness' used their steam yacht ''Steveana'' (named after his parents) to commute back and forth to New York. For longer trips across country, Ned and Mary used their Pullman car ''Pelham'' named after Pelham, Massachusetts, where the Harkness family started in America.
Ned and Mary also owned another house on Long Island in [[Manhasset, New York]], on 186 acres called Weekend, designed by architect [[James Gamble Rogers]], plus houses in North Carolina, San Diego, California and a camp at the [[Ausable Club]] in the Adirondacks. Ned was an avid golfer and was a member of the [[Jekyll Island Club]] in Georgia, [[Cypress Point Club]], The Creek Club in Locust Valley, the Valley Club of Monteceito in Santa Barbara and [[Yeamans Hall Club]] outside of Charleston, South Carolina, another James Gamble Rogers golf and winter community. He was also a member of the [[Racquet and Tennis Club]] in [[New York City]].
==Burial==
Edward and Mary Harkness are buried in [[Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York City, which is today a National Historic Landmark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/368380444492018942/|title = Edward Harkness Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery. Great philanthropists Edward Harkness, son of an original Standard Oil par… | Woodlawn cemetery, Woodlawn, Cemetery}}</ref> The Harkness family mausoleum is stately and includes a privately walled and locked garden. The mausoleum does not have any name at all on it noting who is buried inside. The architecture of the mausoleum evokes that of a small medieval church.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150912054100/http://magnificentmausoleums.blogspot.com/2012/04/harkness-mausoleum-built-in-1924.html Harkness Maussoleum Built in 1924]</ref>
==Legacy==
In addition to the family-funded foundations, Harkness, along with another wealthy neighbor, Edward Crowninshield Hammond, was the inspiration for [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s off-stage character "Harker", the "Standard Oil millionaire", in ''[[Long Day's Journey into Night]]'', and on-stage figure "T. Stedman Harder" in ''[[A Moon for the Misbegotten]]''.<ref>Dowling, Robert M. ''Critical Companion to [[Eugene O'Neill]]: a literary reference to his Life and Work'' pg. 614.Facts on File, [[New York City|New York]] {{ISBN|978-0816066759}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Wooster |first=James Willet |title=Edward Stephen Harkness, 1874-1940 |year=1949 |publisher=Privately printed |oclc=3946050}}
==External links==
* [http://www.columbiaeye.org/about-us/the-harkness-s-eye-institute Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute] at [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]]
* [http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-edward-s-harkness-mansion-1-east.html Architectural article] on Harkness House at 1 East 75th Street - now offices of the Commonwealth Fund.
* [http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/the-way-they-live/2012/big-old-houses-very-rich-and-very-quiet Pictures and history of Harkness House, current home to the Commonwealth Fund]
* [http://www.thepilgrimtrust.org.uk/ The Pilgrim Trust] website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010950/http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Harkness_Niebling.pdf 'Edward S. Harkness, 1874-1940'], Richard F. Niebling, [[Phillips Exeter Academy|Phillips Exeter Bulletin]], Fall 1982 (PDF)
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/about-us/foundation-history The Commonwealth Fund] website
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harkness, Edward}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni]]
[[Category:Yale College alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Harkness family|Edward]]
[[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|American philanthropist}}
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{{Infobox person
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'''Edward Stephen Harkness''' (January 22, 1874 – January 29, 1940) was an American [[philanthropist]]. Given privately and through his family's [[Commonwealth Fund]], Harkness' gifts to private hospitals, art museums, and educational institutions in the Northeastern United States were among the largest of the early twentieth century.<ref>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, pp. 1238, [[Columbia University Press]], 2000</ref><ref>Philanthropists and Foundation Globalization, By Joseph C. Kiger (2008), pp 39</ref> He was a major benefactor to [[Columbia University]], [[Yale University]], [[Harvard University]], [[Phillips Exeter Academy]], [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]], the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], and the [[University of St Andrews]] in Scotland. He was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Edward+S.+Harkness&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
Harkness inherited his fortune from his father, [[Stephen V. Harkness]], whose wealth was established by an early investment in [[Standard Oil]], and his brother, [[Charles W. Harkness]].<ref name="NYT1916">{{cite news |title=C. W. Harkness Left $1,700,000 Estate |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 9, 1916 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/09/104674549.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> In 1918, he was ranked the 6th-richest person in the United States by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine's first "Rich List",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |title=From Rockefeller to Ford, See Forbes' 1918 Ranking Of The Richest People In America |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2017/09/19/the-first-forbes-list-see-who-the-richest-americans-were-in-1918/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> behind [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Henry Clay Frick]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[George Fisher Baker]], and [[William Rockefeller]].
==Biography==
Edward ("Ned") Harkness was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], one of four sons of [[Anna M. Harkness]] and [[Stephen V. Harkness]], a harness-maker who invested in and was one of the five founding partners in the forerunner of [[Standard Oil]], [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s oil company. Stephen Harkness died when Edward was fourteen, leaving his wife and oldest son, Charles, to manage the estate.<ref name="Towler"/> Harkness attended [[St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]] and [[Yale College]], Class of 1897 and [[Columbia Law School]]. Harkness, his brother [[Charles W. Harkness|Charles]], and cousin [[William L. Harkness|William]] were members of [[Wolf's Head (secret society)|Wolf's Head Society]] at Yale.<ref>Phelps Association Membership Directory, 2006</ref> While at Yale, Ned enlisted the assistance of [[Henry Sloane Coffin]] as a tutor. Ned and Henry became friends and they roomed together at Yale. Henry later became the pastor of [[Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church]] just blocks away from Ned and Mary's home at 1 East 75th Street in New York. Also, Henry's brother [[William Sloane Coffin Sr.]] was the president of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] from 1931–1933. Ned had already been heavily involved with the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] as a trustee and major donor.
[[File:Harkness House, 1908.jpg|thumbnail|Harkness House in New York, now home of The Commonwealth Fund]]
After graduating, Edward Harkness married Mary Stillman, daughter of wealthy New York attorney Thomas E. Stillman, in 1904. Mary's maternal grandfather was Thomas S. Greenman, a shipbuilder in [[Mystic, Connecticut]], who co-founded George Greenman & Co shipyard. (This is now part of the Mystic Seaport Museum). Harkness' mother gave the couple a [[Edward S. Harkness House|new Italian Renaissance mansion]] on New York City's Upper East Side as a wedding present. As the building's architect, Harkness chose Yale College classmate [[James Gamble Rogers]], who would later design many of his philanthropic building projects. The home, at 75th Street and 5th Avenue and now known as the Edward S. Harkness House, became the headquarters of Harkness' [[Commonwealth Fund]] after Mary's death.
Harkness briefly served as a railroad director for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], but within several years decided to become a full-time philanthropist.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Education: Old Blue |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=February 19, 1940 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763536,00.html |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> He began making gifts to the Egyptian collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1912, and that same year was appointed to the museum's board of trustees.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perry |first=Lewis |title=Edward and Mary Harkness |journal=Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=October 1951 |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=57–59 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257488.pdf.bannered.pdf |access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref>
Harkness' older brother Charles died in 1916 at age 55, leaving Edward more than US$80 million, ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|80000000|1916}}}} in {{inflation-year|US}}, much of it in Standard Oil stock.<ref name="NYT1916" /> Charles had continued to invest substantially in [[Standard Oil]] as manager of the family fortune, and his brother's estate made Harkness the third-largest stakeholder in Standard Oil.<ref name="NYT1916" /><ref name="Towler"/>
==Philanthropy==
Harkness made charitable gifts totaling more than $129 million, the equivalent of ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|129000000|1922}}}} in {{inflation-year|US}}. His philanthropic peers [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[Andrew Carnegie]] gave respectively $550 million and $350 million.<ref name="Towler">{{cite magazine |last=Towler |first=Katherine |title=The Men Behind the Plan |magazine=Exeter Bulletin |date=Fall 2006 |pages=25–33 |url=http://collegiateway.org/pdf/towler-2006.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref>
===Medical philanthropy===
[[File:NYP Eye Center.jpg|thumb|Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia]]
Harkness encouraged and orchestrated the merger of [[Presbyterian Hospital (New York City)|Presbyterian Hospital]] and Columbia University's [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeon]]s, creating Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), the world's first [[academic medical center]].
CPMC was built in the 1920s on the site of [[Hilltop Park]], the one-time home stadium of the [[New York Yankees]], which Harkness purchased and donated. Despite his aversion to have anything named for himself, The Edward Harkness Eye Institute was named by relatives.
In 1997, Columbia-Presbyterian merged with the [[Weill Cornell Medical Center|New York Hospital]]. New York Hospital had affiliated with [[Cornell University]]'s [[Weill Cornell Medical College]] in the 1930s, following their lead. Now known as [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] / Columbia University Medical Center, the Harkness Pavilion, named for father Stephen, is a central part of the campus.
===Arts philanthropy===
[[File:Tuts Tomb Opened.JPG|thumb|left|450px|King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus]]
Harkness was a major benefactor of the [[New York Public Library]] and the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>[http://libmma.org/digital_files/archives/Preston_Remington_records_b18157099.pdf Finding aid for the Preston Remington records, 1925-1970], Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved July 25, 2014.</ref> Harkness, in addition to donations to the Decorative Arts Department, gifted the Museum's initial [[Ancient Egyptian art]] collection. Harkness bought the complete [[Tomb of Perneb]] for the Met and helped purchase the [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Carnarvon Collection of Egyptian artifacts]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Aleksandr |title=This Weekend in Met History: October 28 |date=October 26, 2012 |website=Now at the Met |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/now-at-the-met/features/2012/this-weekend-in-met-history-october-28 |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> He also donated the Met's unofficial mascot, a [[William the Faience Hippopotamus|blue decorative hippo]] from the Egyptian [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom's Twelfth Dynasty]]. It is known as "William".
Ned was actively involved with the discovery and excavation of King Tutankhamun's tomb. Mr. and Mrs. Harkness and [[Albert Lythgoe]] visited Howard Carter at the site multiple times and in fact, Carter invited Harkness to witness the [http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html opening of King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus on February 12, 1924.]<ref>Howard Carter Journal | http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html</ref>
===Educational philanthropy===
In 1917, a year after Charles' death, Anna Harkness donated $3 million to Yale University to build the [[Harkness Memorial Quadrangle|Memorial Quadrangle]] student dormitory in Charles' memory. In 1918, Anna Harkness established the [[Commonwealth Fund]] with an initial gift of $10 million, and Ned Harkness was made its president.
Ned Harkness and his wife made many contributions to educational buildings, including [[St Salvator's Hall]] at the [[University of St. Andrews]]; Harkness Chapel and Harkness Dormitory at [[Connecticut College]]; [[Butler Library]] at [[Columbia University]] as well as the original portions of the [[Columbia University Medical Center]] and the undergraduate dormitories at [[Brown University]]<ref>The Half Opened Door, Marcia Graham Synnott, 1979), p. 9</ref> and [[Connecticut College]]—all of these were built through his philanthropy or that of his wife, Mary.
[[File:Butler Library - 1000px - AC.jpg|thumb|[[Butler Library]] at [[Columbia University]]]]
Between 1926 and 1930, Harkness made major donations to his alma mater, Yale, and Harvard to establish [[residential college|residential college systems]] at each school. Harkness admired the [[collegiate university|colleges]] of Oxford and Cambridge in England and proposed to [[List of Presidents of Yale University|Yale President]] [[James Rowland Angell]] that he would fund a similar system for Yale's [[Yale College|undergraduate college]] to relieve overcrowding and improve social intimacy.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Judith Ann |title=How the colleges were born |journal=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]] |date=May–June 2008 |url=https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2108/how-the-colleges-were-born|access-date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> When the [[Yale Corporation]] failed to accept Harkness' offer by 1928, he went to Harvard with a similar offer. Harvard's president, [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], quickly accepted, and with a $10 million gift from Harkness in hand, eight houses for [[Harvard College]] were completed by 1931.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Harkness and History |magazine=[[Harvard Magazine]] |date=November 2011 |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/11/harkness-and-history |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> Dismayed, Yale administrators appealed to Harkness to reconsider his offer. In 1930 he agreed to give Yale $11 million for nine [[residential colleges of Yale University|residential colleges]] of its own.<ref name="Schiff"/> Harkness persuaded Yale to retain his friend [[James Gamble Rogers]] as the colleges' architect. He also made gifts that established the [[Yale School of Drama]], the first independent drama faculty in the country, and erected its theater.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelley |first=Brooks Mather |title=Yale: A History |year=1999 |edition=2nd |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |page=384}}</ref>
Around the same time as his Yale-Harvard philanthropy, Harkness sought to reform the pedagogical techniques of the country's elite boarding schools. At [[Phillips Exeter Academy]], he sought to innovate beyond [[rote learning]] by introducing the [[Harkness table]] method of instruction. Through further gifts, the method spread to [[St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)|St. Paul’s]], [[Lawrenceville School|The Lawrenceville School]], and [[Kingswood-Oxford School]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wooster |first=Martin Morse |title=Edward Harkness |website=The Philanthropy Roundtable |url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/edward_harkness |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref> Harkness also made gifts to [[Taft School]], [[The Hill School (Pennsylvania)|The Hill School]], and [[Phillips Academy]].<ref>The Exeter Bulletin, Fall 2006, p.28</ref>
He established the [[Harkness Fellowship]]s and founded the [[Pilgrim Trust]] in the UK in 1930 with an endowment of just over two million pounds, "prompted by his admiration for what Great Britain had done in the 1914–18 war and, by his ties of affection for the land from which he drew his descent."<ref>Trust Deed, quoted on [http://www.thepilgrimtrust.org.uk/ the Pilgrim Trust website], accessed December 4, 2006.</ref> The current priorities of the trust are preservation, places of worship, and social welfare.
==Residences==
[[File:HarknessAerial.jpg|thumbnail|Harkness Eolia Mansion in [[Waterford, Connecticut]]]]
Edward and Mary Harkness had a number of homes in addition to Harkness House in New York. They spent summers at their Eolia mansion on Long Island Sound in [[Waterford, Connecticut]], near where Mary had visited her grandparents in the summers. The home and {{convert|230|acre}} of ornamental gardens and grounds are now maintained by the State of Connecticut as [[Harkness Memorial State Park]]. The Harkness' used their steam yacht ''Steveana'' (named after his parents) to commute back and forth to New York. For longer trips across country, Ned and Mary used their Pullman car ''Pelham'' named after Pelham, Massachusetts, where the Harkness family started in America.
Ned and Mary also owned another house on Long Island in [[Manhasset, New York]], on 186 acres called Weekend, designed by architect [[James Gamble Rogers]], plus houses in North Carolina, San Diego, California and a camp at the [[Ausable Club]] in the Adirondacks. Ned was an avid golfer and was a member of the [[Jekyll Island Club]] in Georgia, [[Cypress Point Club]], The Creek Club in Locust Valley, the Valley Club of Monteceito in Santa Barbara and [[Yeamans Hall Club]] outside of Charleston, South Carolina, another James Gamble Rogers golf and winter community. He was also a member of the [[Racquet and Tennis Club]] in [[New York City]].
==Burial==
Edward and Mary Harkness are buried in [[Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York City, which is today a National Historic Landmark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/368380444492018942/|title = Edward Harkness Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery. Great philanthropists Edward Harkness, son of an original Standard Oil par… | Woodlawn cemetery, Woodlawn, Cemetery}}</ref> The Harkness family mausoleum is stately and includes a privately walled and locked garden. The mausoleum does not have any name at all on it noting who is buried inside. The architecture of the mausoleum evokes that of a small medieval church.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150912054100/http://magnificentmausoleums.blogspot.com/2012/04/harkness-mausoleum-built-in-1924.html Harkness Maussoleum Built in 1924]</ref>
==Legacy==
In addition to the family-funded foundations, Harkness, along with another wealthy neighbor, Edward Crowninshield Hammond, was the inspiration for [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s off-stage character "Harker", the "Standard Oil millionaire", in ''[[Long Day's Journey into Night]]'', and on-stage figure "T. Stedman Harder" in ''[[A Moon for the Misbegotten]]''.<ref>Dowling, Robert M. ''Critical Companion to [[Eugene O'Neill]]: a literary reference to his Life and Work'' pg. 614.Facts on File, [[New York City|New York]] {{ISBN|978-0816066759}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Wooster |first=James Willet |title=Edward Stephen Harkness, 1874-1940 |year=1949 |publisher=Privately printed |oclc=3946050}}
==External links==
* [http://www.columbiaeye.org/about-us/the-harkness-s-eye-institute Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute] at [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]]
* [http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-edward-s-harkness-mansion-1-east.html Architectural article] on Harkness House at 1 East 75th Street - now offices of the Commonwealth Fund.
* [http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/the-way-they-live/2012/big-old-houses-very-rich-and-very-quiet Pictures and history of Harkness House, current home to the Commonwealth Fund]
* [http://www.thepilgrimtrust.org.uk/ The Pilgrim Trust] website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010950/http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Harkness_Niebling.pdf 'Edward S. Harkness, 1874-1940'], Richard F. Niebling, [[Phillips Exeter Academy|Phillips Exeter Bulletin]], Fall 1982 (PDF)
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/about-us/foundation-history The Commonwealth Fund] website
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harkness, Edward}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni]]
[[Category:Yale College alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Harkness family|Edward]]
[[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American philanthropist</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">Edward Harkness</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_S_Harkness_Met.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Edward_S_Harkness_Met.jpg/220px-Edward_S_Harkness_Met.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Edward_S_Harkness_Met.jpg/330px-Edward_S_Harkness_Met.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Edward_S_Harkness_Met.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Harkness circa 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Stephen Harkness</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-01-22</span>)</span>January 22, 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 29, 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-01-29)</span> (aged 66)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(New_Hampshire)" title="St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)">St. Paul's School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">eating butt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">McDonalds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Television</th><td class="infobox-data">botty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">meow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term</th><td class="infobox-data">spouce</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stillman_Harkness" title="Mary Stillman Harkness">Mary Stillman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_V._Harkness" title="Stephen V. Harkness">Stephen V. Harkness</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Harkness" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Harkness">Anna M. Richardson (Harkness)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Harkness" title="Charles W. Harkness">Charles W. Harkness</a>, brother<br />Florence, sister <br /><a href="/wiki/Lamon_V._Harkness" title="Lamon V. Harkness">Lamon V. Harkness</a> half brother</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Edward Stephen Harkness</b> (January 22, 1874 – January 29, 1940) was an American <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>. Given privately and through his family's <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund</a>, Harkness' gifts to private hospitals, art museums, and educational institutions in the Northeastern United States were among the largest of the early twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> He was a major benefactor to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(New_Hampshire)" title="St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)">St. Paul's School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> in Scotland. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Harkness inherited his fortune from his father, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V._Harkness" title="Stephen V. Harkness">Stephen V. Harkness</a>, whose wealth was established by an early investment in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>, and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Harkness" title="Charles W. Harkness">Charles W. Harkness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1916_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1916-4">[4]</a></sup> In 1918, he was ranked the 6th-richest person in the United States by <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> magazine's first "Rich List",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> behind <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Fisher_Baker" title="George Fisher Baker">George Fisher Baker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Rockefeller" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rockefeller">William Rockefeller</a>.
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Philanthropy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Philanthropy</span></a>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Medical_philanthropy"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Medical philanthropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Arts_philanthropy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arts philanthropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Educational_philanthropy"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Educational philanthropy</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Residences"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Residences</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Burial"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Burial</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Edward ("Ned") Harkness was born in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, one of four sons of <a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Harkness" title="Anna M. Harkness">Anna M. Harkness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V._Harkness" title="Stephen V. Harkness">Stephen V. Harkness</a>, a harness-maker who invested in and was one of the five founding partners in the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>'s oil company. Stephen Harkness died when Edward was fourteen, leaving his wife and oldest son, Charles, to manage the estate.<sup id="cite_ref-Towler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towler-6">[6]</a></sup> Harkness attended <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)">St. Paul's School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>, Class of 1897 and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>. Harkness, his brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Harkness" title="Charles W. Harkness">Charles</a>, and cousin <a href="/wiki/William_L._Harkness" title="William L. Harkness">William</a> were members of <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Head_(secret_society)" title="Wolf's Head (secret society)">Wolf's Head Society</a> at Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> While at Yale, Ned enlisted the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Henry Sloane Coffin</a> as a tutor. Ned and Henry became friends and they roomed together at Yale. Henry later became the pastor of <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church" title="Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church">Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church</a> just blocks away from Ned and Mary's home at 1 East 75th Street in New York. Also, Henry's brother <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin_Sr." title="William Sloane Coffin Sr.">William Sloane Coffin Sr.</a> was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> from 1931–1933. Ned had already been heavily involved with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> as a trustee and major donor.
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harkness_House,_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Harkness_House%2C_1908.jpg/220px-Harkness_House%2C_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Harkness_House%2C_1908.jpg/330px-Harkness_House%2C_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Harkness_House%2C_1908.jpg/440px-Harkness_House%2C_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Harkness House in New York, now home of The Commonwealth Fund</figcaption></figure>
<p>After graduating, Edward Harkness married Mary Stillman, daughter of wealthy New York attorney Thomas E. Stillman, in 1904. Mary's maternal grandfather was Thomas S. Greenman, a shipbuilder in <a href="/wiki/Mystic,_Connecticut" title="Mystic, Connecticut">Mystic, Connecticut</a>, who co-founded George Greenman & Co shipyard. (This is now part of the Mystic Seaport Museum). Harkness' mother gave the couple a <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Harkness_House" title="Edward S. Harkness House">new Italian Renaissance mansion</a> on New York City's Upper East Side as a wedding present. As the building's architect, Harkness chose Yale College classmate <a href="/wiki/James_Gamble_Rogers" title="James Gamble Rogers">James Gamble Rogers</a>, who would later design many of his philanthropic building projects. The home, at 75th Street and 5th Avenue and now known as the Edward S. Harkness House, became the headquarters of Harkness' <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund</a> after Mary's death.
</p><p>Harkness briefly served as a railroad director for the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a>, but within several years decided to become a full-time philanthropist.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> He began making gifts to the Egyptian collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1912, and that same year was appointed to the museum's board of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Harkness' older brother Charles died in 1916 at age 55, leaving Edward more than US$80 million, $2.24 billion in 2023, much of it in Standard Oil stock.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1916_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1916-4">[4]</a></sup> Charles had continued to invest substantially in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> as manager of the family fortune, and his brother's estate made Harkness the third-largest stakeholder in Standard Oil.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1916_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1916-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Towler_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towler-6">[6]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Harkness made charitable gifts totaling more than $129 million, the equivalent of $2.35 billion in 2023. His philanthropic peers <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> gave respectively $550 million and $350 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Towler_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towler-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medical_philanthropy">Medical philanthropy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYP_Eye_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/NYP_Eye_Center.jpg/220px-NYP_Eye_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/NYP_Eye_Center.jpg/330px-NYP_Eye_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/NYP_Eye_Center.jpg/440px-NYP_Eye_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="2355" /></a><figcaption>Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia</figcaption></figure>
<p>Harkness encouraged and orchestrated the merger of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Hospital_(New_York_City)" title="Presbyterian Hospital (New York City)">Presbyterian Hospital</a> and Columbia University's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">College of Physicians and Surgeons</a>, creating Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Academic_medical_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic medical center">academic medical center</a>.
</p><p>CPMC was built in the 1920s on the site of <a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Park" title="Hilltop Park">Hilltop Park</a>, the one-time home stadium of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, which Harkness purchased and donated. Despite his aversion to have anything named for himself, The Edward Harkness Eye Institute was named by relatives.
</p><p>In 1997, Columbia-Presbyterian merged with the <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_Center" title="Weill Cornell Medical Center">New York Hospital</a>. New York Hospital had affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Weill Cornell Medical College">Weill Cornell Medical College</a> in the 1930s, following their lead. Now known as <a href="/wiki/NewYork-Presbyterian_Hospital" title="NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital">NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital</a> / Columbia University Medical Center, the Harkness Pavilion, named for father Stephen, is a central part of the campus.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts_philanthropy">Arts philanthropy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arts philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/450px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG" decoding="async" width="450" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/675px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/900px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus</figcaption></figure>
<p>Harkness was a major benefactor of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Harkness, in addition to donations to the Decorative Arts Department, gifted the Museum's initial <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> collection. Harkness bought the complete <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Perneb" title="Tomb of Perneb">Tomb of Perneb</a> for the Met and helped purchase the <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon">Carnarvon Collection of Egyptian artifacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> He also donated the Met's unofficial mascot, a <a href="/wiki/William_the_Faience_Hippopotamus" title="William the Faience Hippopotamus">blue decorative hippo</a> from the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom's Twelfth Dynasty</a>. It is known as "William".
</p><p>Ned was actively involved with the discovery and excavation of King Tutankhamun's tomb. Mr. and Mrs. Harkness and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lythgoe" title="Albert Lythgoe">Albert Lythgoe</a> visited Howard Carter at the site multiple times and in fact, Carter invited Harkness to witness the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html">opening of King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus on February 12, 1924.</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Educational_philanthropy">Educational philanthropy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Educational philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1917, a year after Charles' death, Anna Harkness donated $3 million to Yale University to build the <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Memorial_Quadrangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkness Memorial Quadrangle">Memorial Quadrangle</a> student dormitory in Charles' memory. In 1918, Anna Harkness established the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund</a> with an initial gift of $10 million, and Ned Harkness was made its president.
</p><p>Ned Harkness and his wife made many contributions to educational buildings, including <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Hall" title="St Salvator's Hall">St Salvator's Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a>; Harkness Chapel and Harkness Dormitory at <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a>; <a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> as well as the original portions of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Medical Center">Columbia University Medical Center</a> and the undergraduate dormitories at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a>—all of these were built through his philanthropy or that of his wife, Mary.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/220px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/330px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/440px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Between 1926 and 1930, Harkness made major donations to his alma mater, Yale, and Harvard to establish <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">residential college systems</a> at each school. Harkness admired the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">colleges</a> of Oxford and Cambridge in England and proposed to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Yale University">Yale President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a> that he would fund a similar system for Yale's <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">undergraduate college</a> to relieve overcrowding and improve social intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-14">[14]</a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Corporation" title="Yale Corporation">Yale Corporation</a> failed to accept Harkness' offer by 1928, he went to Harvard with a similar offer. Harvard's president, <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence_Lowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Lawrence Lowell">Abbott Lawrence Lowell</a>, quickly accepted, and with a $10 million gift from Harkness in hand, eight houses for <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> were completed by 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Dismayed, Yale administrators appealed to Harkness to reconsider his offer. In 1930 he agreed to give Yale $11 million for nine <a href="/wiki/Residential_colleges_of_Yale_University" title="Residential colleges of Yale University">residential colleges</a> of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-14">[14]</a></sup> Harkness persuaded Yale to retain his friend <a href="/wiki/James_Gamble_Rogers" title="James Gamble Rogers">James Gamble Rogers</a> as the colleges' architect. He also made gifts that established the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Drama">Yale School of Drama</a>, the first independent drama faculty in the country, and erected its theater.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around the same time as his Yale-Harvard philanthropy, Harkness sought to reform the pedagogical techniques of the country's elite boarding schools. At <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a>, he sought to innovate beyond <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">rote learning</a> by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Harkness_table" title="Harkness table">Harkness table</a> method of instruction. Through further gifts, the method spread to <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)">St. Paul’s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_School" title="Lawrenceville School">The Lawrenceville School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingswood-Oxford_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingswood-Oxford School">Kingswood-Oxford School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Harkness also made gifts to <a href="/wiki/Taft_School" title="Taft School">Taft School</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_School_(Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hill School (Pennsylvania)">The Hill School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>He established the <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Fellowship" title="Harkness Fellowship">Harkness Fellowships</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Trust" title="Pilgrim Trust">Pilgrim Trust</a> in the UK in 1930 with an endowment of just over two million pounds, "prompted by his admiration for what Great Britain had done in the 1914–18 war and, by his ties of affection for the land from which he drew his descent."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The current priorities of the trust are preservation, places of worship, and social welfare.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Residences">Residences</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Residences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarknessAerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HarknessAerial.jpg/220px-HarknessAerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HarknessAerial.jpg/330px-HarknessAerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HarknessAerial.jpg/440px-HarknessAerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Harkness Eolia Mansion in <a href="/wiki/Waterford,_Connecticut" title="Waterford, Connecticut">Waterford, Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Edward and Mary Harkness had a number of homes in addition to Harkness House in New York. They spent summers at their Eolia mansion on Long Island Sound in <a href="/wiki/Waterford,_Connecticut" title="Waterford, Connecticut">Waterford, Connecticut</a>, near where Mary had visited her grandparents in the summers. The home and 230 acres (93 ha) of ornamental gardens and grounds are now maintained by the State of Connecticut as <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Memorial_State_Park" title="Harkness Memorial State Park">Harkness Memorial State Park</a>. The Harkness' used their steam yacht <i>Steveana</i> (named after his parents) to commute back and forth to New York. For longer trips across country, Ned and Mary used their Pullman car <i>Pelham</i> named after Pelham, Massachusetts, where the Harkness family started in America.
</p><p>Ned and Mary also owned another house on Long Island in <a href="/wiki/Manhasset,_New_York" title="Manhasset, New York">Manhasset, New York</a>, on 186 acres called Weekend, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/James_Gamble_Rogers" title="James Gamble Rogers">James Gamble Rogers</a>, plus houses in North Carolina, San Diego, California and a camp at the <a href="/wiki/Ausable_Club" title="Ausable Club">Ausable Club</a> in the Adirondacks. Ned was an avid golfer and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jekyll_Island_Club" title="Jekyll Island Club">Jekyll Island Club</a> in Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Point_Club" title="Cypress Point Club">Cypress Point Club</a>, The Creek Club in Locust Valley, the Valley Club of Monteceito in Santa Barbara and <a href="/wiki/Yeamans_Hall_Club" title="Yeamans Hall Club">Yeamans Hall Club</a> outside of Charleston, South Carolina, another James Gamble Rogers golf and winter community. He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Racquet_and_Tennis_Club" title="Racquet and Tennis Club">Racquet and Tennis Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Burial">Burial</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Edward and Mary Harkness are buried in <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery" title="Woodlawn Cemetery">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City, which is today a National Historic Landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The Harkness family mausoleum is stately and includes a privately walled and locked garden. The mausoleum does not have any name at all on it noting who is buried inside. The architecture of the mausoleum evokes that of a small medieval church.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In addition to the family-funded foundations, Harkness, along with another wealthy neighbor, Edward Crowninshield Hammond, was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s off-stage character "Harker", the "Standard Oil millionaire", in <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night" title="Long Day's Journey into Night">Long Day's Journey into Night</a></i>, and on-stage figure "T. Stedman Harder" in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, pp. 1238, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 2000</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philanthropists and Foundation Globalization, By Joseph C. Kiger (2008), pp 39</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Edward+S.+Harkness&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DEdward%2BS.%2BHarkness%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT1916-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1916_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1916_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1916_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/09/104674549.pdf">"C. W. Harkness Left $1,700,000 Estate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 9, 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C.+W.+Harkness+Left+%241%2C700%2C000+Estate&rft.date=1916-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1916%2F05%2F09%2F104674549.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson-Withorn" class="citation web cs1">Peterson-Withorn, Chase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2017/09/19/the-first-forbes-list-see-who-the-richest-americans-were-in-1918/">"From Rockefeller to Ford, See Forbes' 1918 Ranking Of The Richest People In America"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=From+Rockefeller+to+Ford%2C+See+Forbes%27+1918+Ranking+Of+The+Richest+People+In+America&rft.aulast=Peterson-Withorn&rft.aufirst=Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fchasewithorn%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Fthe-first-forbes-list-see-who-the-richest-americans-were-in-1918%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Towler-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Towler_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Towler_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Towler_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTowler2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Towler, Katherine (Fall 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collegiateway.org/pdf/towler-2006.pdf">"The Men Behind the Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Exeter Bulletin</i>. pp. 25–33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exeter+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Men+Behind+the+Plan&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=25-33&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Towler&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollegiateway.org%2Fpdf%2Ftowler-2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phelps Association Membership Directory, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763536,00.html">"Education: Old Blue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. February 19, 1940<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Education%3A+Old+Blue&rft.date=1940-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C763536%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1951" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Lewis (October 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257488.pdf.bannered.pdf">"Edward and Mary Harkness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 57–59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Edward+and+Mary+Harkness&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-59&rft.date=1951-10&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fpubs%2Fbulletins%2F1%2Fpdf%2F3257488.pdf.bannered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.org/digital_files/archives/Preston_Remington_records_b18157099.pdf">Finding aid for the Preston Remington records, 1925-1970</a>, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved July 25, 2014.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGelfand2012" class="citation web cs1">Gelfand, Aleksandr (October 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/now-at-the-met/features/2012/this-weekend-in-met-history-october-28">"This Weekend in Met History: October 28"</a>. <i>Now at the Met</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Now+at+the+Met&rft.atitle=This+Weekend+in+Met+History%3A+October+28&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.aulast=Gelfand&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fabout-the-museum%2Fnow-at-the-met%2Ffeatures%2F2012%2Fthis-weekend-in-met-history-october-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Carter Journal | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html">http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea2not.html</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Half Opened Door, Marcia Graham Synnott, 1979), p. 9</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Schiff-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schiff, Judith Ann (May–June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2108/how-the-colleges-were-born">"How the colleges were born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Alumni_Magazine" title="Yale Alumni Magazine">Yale Alumni Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+colleges+were+born&rft.date=2008-05%2F2008-06&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Judith+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalealumnimagazine.com%2Farticles%2F2108%2Fhow-the-colleges-were-born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/11/harkness-and-history">"Harkness and History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Magazine" title="Harvard Magazine">Harvard Magazine</a></i>. November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Harkness+and+History&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2013%2F11%2Fharkness-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKelley1999" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Brooks Mather (1999). <i>Yale: A History</i> (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yale%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=384&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Brooks+Mather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWooster" class="citation web cs1">Wooster, Martin Morse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/edward_harkness">"Edward Harkness"</a>. <i>The Philanthropy Roundtable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philanthropy+Roundtable&rft.atitle=Edward+Harkness&rft.aulast=Wooster&rft.aufirst=Martin+Morse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philanthropyroundtable.org%2Falmanac%2Fhall_of_fame%2Fedward_harkness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Exeter Bulletin, Fall 2006, p.28</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trust Deed, quoted on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepilgrimtrust.org.uk/">the Pilgrim Trust website</a>, accessed December 4, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/368380444492018942/">"Edward Harkness Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery. Great philanthropists Edward Harkness, son of an original Standard Oil par… | Woodlawn cemetery, Woodlawn, Cemetery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Harkness+Mausoleum+at+Woodlawn+Cemetery.+Great+philanthropists+Edward+Harkness%2C+son+of+an+original+Standard+Oil+par%E2%80%A6+%26%23124%3B+Woodlawn+cemetery%2C+Woodlawn%2C+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F368380444492018942%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912054100/http://magnificentmausoleums.blogspot.com/2012/04/harkness-mausoleum-built-in-1924.html">Harkness Maussoleum Built in 1924</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dowling, Robert M. <i>Critical Companion to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>: a literary reference to his Life and Work</i> pg. 614.Facts on File, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816066759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816066759">978-0816066759</a></span>
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</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWooster1949" class="citation book cs1">Wooster, James Willet (1949). <i>Edward Stephen Harkness, 1874-1940</i>. Privately printed. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3946050">3946050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Stephen+Harkness%2C+1874-1940&rft.pub=Privately+printed&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3946050&rft.aulast=Wooster&rft.aufirst=James+Willet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Harkness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Harkness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiaeye.org/about-us/the-harkness-s-eye-institute">Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/NewYork%E2%80%93Presbyterian_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital">NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-edward-s-harkness-mansion-1-east.html">Architectural article</a> on Harkness House at 1 East 75th Street - now offices of the Commonwealth Fund.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/the-way-they-live/2012/big-old-houses-very-rich-and-very-quiet">Pictures and history of Harkness House, current home to the Commonwealth Fund</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepilgrimtrust.org.uk/">The Pilgrim Trust</a> website</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010950/http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Harkness_Niebling.pdf">'Edward S. Harkness, 1874-1940'</a>, Richard F. Niebling, <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Bulletin</a>, Fall 1982 (PDF)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonwealthfund.org/about-us/foundation-history">The Commonwealth Fund</a> website</li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5343311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5343311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5343311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/375848/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000042513657">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4197598">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429036605171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96056390">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30092961">RISM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h71188">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/25065640X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
